Dacia / Dacoromania of Regalianus

THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF DACIA (DACOROMANIA: 258 – 268 / 270 A.D.), FOUNDED BY REGALIANUS, THE GREAT GRANDSON OF THE HERO-KING DECEBALUS

Romanization – «A Return of Pelasgo-Daco-Thracism to the Roots».

The expansion of the Roman Empire over the Adriatic / Ionian Sea, in the Balkan Peninsula, between the East / Noricum Alps, the North Carpathians, and the Dnieper / the Gaetian / the Black Sea, beginning from the horizon of the year 230 B.C. till after the horizon of the year 106 A.D., stopped “the Hellenization” / “the Graecization” of Pelasgo-Daco-Thracia and started the process of “Romanization” (completed between the horizons of the years 150 and 250 A.D.) – a process that must be understood as “a return of Pelasgo-Daco-Thracism as Dacoromanity to the roots”, viewed as a multitude of Wallachians, or Romanias, corresponding to the old “countries of the rivers / the mountains” – the ex-Zalmoxian-monotheist provinces of the religious and military administration of Cogaion / Sarmizegetusa –, smaller or larger as they were, like “an opening” / “a passing” from the archetypal Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian civilization to “the European” status / “modernity” of the Imperial-Roman interferential civilization, from “the cultured orality” of Zalmoxianism to “the Cosmic Christianity” and to “the school of Latinity”, but also as a Latin “implanting” / “ engraftment” / “regeneration” (“influence” / “acting upon”) in the linguistic field – particularly in the powerful sphere of the army, in administration and in the urban schools – facilitated by the common Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Latin stock of lexical radicals, by the kinship between the sacred Latin language of the Roman Empire and the sacred Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian langage of Zalmoxianism, which turned into the archaic Wallachian (Dacoromanian) after the horizon of the year 250 A.D.; the Romanization presented to the world the oldest people of Europe in a new light, it forged the Wallachian / Dacoromanian face of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian people, after the horizon of the year 250 A.D. – which has meanwhile become the Wallachian / Dacoromanian people –, over the whole area of Pelasgo-Daco-Thracia, an area later growing, through “the modern histories”, into Dacoromania (the Great Wallachia, «La Grande Blaquie»).
G. Călinescu is among the important personalities who have veridically examined the phenomenon / process: «The Roman invasion, since it was an invasion, whatever we might call it, left us with a new language and much blood from those parts of the Empire which were not, strictly speaking, entirely foreign to us. Trajan himself was an Iberian. By the Roman penetration it was not that a new people was born, but a very old people changed being influenced by a new one.» (CIlr, 14).
The Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian space between the horizons of the years 230 B.C. / B.O.E. and 150 A.D., stylistically marked by Zalmoxianism, the first monotheist religion in the history of the world spirituality, was the rooting space for the Wallachian (Dacoromanian) people, constituting the dwelling place of Dacoromanity / Dacoromania.

The Eastern Limit of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian Space, of Dacia during Zalmoxianism, between the Horizons of the Years 230 B.C. and 150 / 250 A.D.

According to the information handed over by Herodotus (Histories, IV, 17 sqq.), Ephoros, a.s.o., the Eastern limit / boundary of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian space was the river Dnieper / Boristene (Borysthenes <>boristena / boriştean, “which vomits, overflows, floods”) and the North, North-West, West, South-West and South shores of the Gaetic / Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus), from the Massagetae’s Sea ( > Azov) and Crimea (the Thracian Chersonesos / Taurica Chersonesus) inclusively, to the Sinop Gulf. We are not taking into consideration the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian space of Massagetia¹, between the Dnieper and the Volga, between the Gaetic / Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, up to the river Araxes / Aras, “a country of the rivers / the mountains” subordinated to Cogaion / Sarmizegetusa; it is the Massagetia during the time of the wise Thracian-Daco-Getic queen, Tomyria / Tomyris, the one who – in the year 529 B.C. – at the head of the strong army of that “country of the rivers / the mountains”, annihilated the army of the Persian emperor Cyrus, who had invaded Massagetia, Cyrus himself losing his life on the Massagetic lands, in the terrible battle north of the river Araxes (cf. Herodotus, Histories, I, 214 / HIst, I, 115). Between the horizons of the years 230 B.C. and 150 / 250 A.D., the space of Massagetia was already “a Thracian-Scythian-Gothic crucible”.

“The first inhabitants” of the “port of Borysthenites”, Olbia (today, South-West of the Ukrainian town of Nicolaev, near the village Porutino, close to the Dnieper source) were the Callipidae / the Carps / the Carpians – East Daco/Getic-Thracians – attested by Herodotus’ contemporary, Hellanicos, and by Plato’s contemporary, Eudoxius (cf. HIst, I, 503). In the immediate neighbourhood of Hylaea belonging to the Callipidae / Carpian-Thracian-Daco-Getae, there lived the Alizone-Thracian-Daco-Getae, deeply rooted in the valley of the river Borystenes / Dnieper, since they proved to be good farmers: «The Alizones and the Callipidae (...) sow and feed on cereals, as well as on onion, garlic, lentil and millet» (HIst, I, 317); «the Scythians’ slaves» are also Thracian-Daco-Getae, being the so-called “Ploughman / Farmer Scythians”, also dwelling on the Dnieper Valley, «upper than the Alizones», «at a three-day journey» to the Pripet / the Panticapes (the Pripyat), and – according to the recent archaeological discoveries («connected with the Podolian group of tumuli» – HIst, I, 503) – in the Volhynian-Podolian Upland, where they grew corn, both for themselves and for their exploiters, the Nomadic / “Royal” Scythians, still having corn to sell to the Hellenes / “the Greeks”. Beyond the Pripet / the Panticapes and east of the Borystenes, there lived “mixed” Thracian-Daco-Getic / Scythian or Massagetic, Sarmatian tribes, etc.: the Neuri, the Androphagi, the Melanchlaeni, the Geloni, the Budini a.s.o; unlike these Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian tribes, the Nomadic / “Royal” Scythians «do neither sow, nor plough». The area of the Nomadic / “Royal” Scythians lay «eastward, at a fourteen-day journey»; it extended «southward to Taurida»; Taurida was the name of the Crimea, which was then controlled by the Tauri-Thracian-Daco-Getae, who worshipped the Sun’s Sister, Co-Utya / Cotys, from the pantheon of the archaic Pelasgo-Daco-Thracia, their descendants being the today’s Moldavian-Dacoromanians of Crimea, almost 12,000 in all (throughout “the histories” they were also called “the Chersonians”, “the Massagetae”, “the Small Goths”, etc.); the shores of Lake Maeotis to the «small market town called Cremnoi» (nowadays, Taganrog) were also “Scythian”; «some of their tribes reach the Tanais river» (the Don), as Herodotus reconfirms (HIst, I, 318). Between the horizons of the years 230 B.C. and 150 / 250 A.D., these boundaries of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian space, of Dacia during Zalmoxianism, having become the limits of the Wallachian (Dacoromanian) space, did not undergo essential changes. The Goths settled themselves in the Scythians’ area, east of the Dnieper and of the Massagetae’s / Azov Sea, among the leading Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian populations and in the Tauric-Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian Crimea, during the first two centuries of our era, in agreement with the Carpodacians / Carpowallachians, who wanted “reliable neighbours” in the East, in the way of all migrations”. About the year 250 A.D., the Crimea and the area east of the Borystenes to the Maasagetae’s / Azov Sea constituted into “Gothia Land / Gotaland / Gathia Launia”, an interferential area of Pelasgo-Thracian-Dacian / Getic, Gothic (Visigothic, Ostrogothic), Sarmatic, etc. autochthonous populations.

The Northern Limit of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian Space, of Dacia during Zalmxianism, between the Horizons of the Years 230 B.C. / B.O.E. and 150 / 250 A.D.

The Northern boundary of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian space, having withdrawn from the Baltic Sea, started – between the horizons of the years 230 B.C. / B.O.E. and 150 / 250 A.D. – from the Upper Dnieper (Ukraine) to the springs of the Pripet, over the Vistula, the Oder, and the Elbe, to the Hercynic Forest (today, Schwarzwald / Baden-Württenberg, Germany), to the springs of the Danube – the sacred river of those who knew how to make themselves immortal, that is the Dacians / Getae. In his Geographia (VII, 1, 3), Strabo emphasized that the Thracian-Dacians / Getae bordered upon the Suebs (Germanic populations) in the North / North-West, in the Hercynic Forest and beyond it; «the Southern part of Germany, beyond the Elbe – Strabo also stated (op. cit, VII, 3, 1) – at least at the point where it neighbours the river (the Danube / the Ister) – was under the domination of the Suebs; there follows the territory of the Dacians / the Getae, at first being narrow, bordered by the Danube in the South, by the mountains of the Hercynic Forest on the opposite side, and also including a part of the mountains; then it widens and stretches to the North up to the Tyragetae...» (Fontes, I, 225). Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History (VI, 33 / 39, 219) also certifies that the Northern border of Pelasgo-Daco-Thracia, of Dacia during Zalmoxianism, coincided with the “second segment”; talking about the “North Europe of the seventh parallel, starting from the other shore of the Caspian Sea” to the Atlantic Ocean, Pliny the Elder points out: «the most exact researchers of the new generation have divided the rest of the land into three segments: the first starts from the Tanais river / the Don, passes over Lake Maeotis and over the Sarmatians up to the Borystenes / the Dnieper»; the second segment «includes the Dacians» and the third one covers «a part of Germany, the Gallias and the shores of the Ocean» (Fontes, I, 407). About the middle of the 2nd century A.D. / O.E., Ptolemaeus, in his Geographia (II, III), reveals, among other things, the longitude / the latitude of some settlements on the Northern border of Pelasgo-Daco-Thracia which had already become, in the meanwhile, Dacia (Dacoromania), «over 75 per cent»: Susudava (“the higher dava”, “the higher sacred fortified town of the Father-Sun / Salmos-Zalmas-Zalmoxis”: «38030’ / 53050’»), Setidava on the Oder («440 / 53030’»), or Selidava, in today’s Poland, Singone («41030’ / 48015’») in today’s Slovakia, Clepidava – today being Kiev, Ukraine’s capital – etc. (cf. Fontes, I, 537 sq.). Between the horizons of the years 230 B.C. and 250 A.D. / O.E., the Northern limit of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian space, of Dacia during Zalmoxianism, which had become the limit of the Wallachian (Dacoromanian) space, did not undergo any significant change.

The Western / South-Western Limit of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian Space, of Dacia during Zalmoxianism, between the Horizons of the Years 230 B.C. / B.O.E and 150 / 250 A.D.

From the Hercynic Forest, the Western limit of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian space passed over the East Alps, rounding Noricum (a province with a mixture of Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian and Taurian-Celtic-Germanic, etc. populations) and then going downwards to Aquillea (today, Terzo d’Aquileia – Italy), in the Venetians’ / Enetians’ Gulf (cf. Herodotus, Histories, V, 9). From here, the Western / South-Western limit of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian space followed the shore of the Adriatic Sea, along the whole Western shore of the Balkan Peninsula, to Crete. The Pelasgo-Daco-Tracian populations / tribes near the Adriatic Sea, in the «Illyrian provinces» (or the Illyrians – following the name of the province, Illyria), reached, according to Strabo’s information in his Geographia (VII, 5, 1 sq.), «the Danube and the Alps, between Italy and Germany»; the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian / Illyrian populations «start from that lake» – it is Lake Constance – «with whom the Vindelicii, the Rhaetians / Retti, and the Helvetti lived»; (...) «the Dacians turned the above mentioned territory (Alpino-Pannonian / Illyrian) into a desert, as a result of the war in which they defeated the Boi and the Taurian-Celtic tribes under the rule of Critasiros; the Dacians pretend that this territory belongs to them, even though they are separated from it by the river Parisos – which comes from the mountains and flows into the Ister / the Danube» (Parisos = Paar, today in Germany); «(...) but the former (the tribes of the Boi)» – were destroyed by the Dacians» (the Thracian-Pannonian / Illyrian branch, under the leadership of Burebista, in the year 60 B.C. / B.O.E.), while «they frequently made an alliance» (Fontes, I, 245) «with the latter» (the Taurians “placed” by Burebista in Noricum). A little later, in De bello civili (I, 18, 5) it is mentioned that «300 horsemen sent by the king of Noricum also came to their Caesar...». The Illyrian and Pannonian Pelasgo-Daco-Thracians, who were in conflict with the Boi / Taurians – which Strabo was reporting about –, were but the descendants of the Sigyni-Pelasgo-Daco-Thracians, of whom we first hear from Herodotus, in his Histories (V, 9); the boundaries of Sigynia, “their country of the rivers / the mountains”, subordinated to Cogaion / Sarmizegetusa, included the Banat and Oltenia Mountains, the Dinaric Mountains, the territory from the Middle Danube and the Sava, to the shore of the Adriatic Sea between Scodra and the Venetian Gulf; Herodotus attested that, in the 5th century B.C., «the boundaries of the Sigynians extended as far as the Enetians at the Adriatic Sea» (HIst, II, 31); and these Sigynian-Thraco-Dacians were well-known smeltors / processors of metals, producers of arms / spears; the European Westerners, «the Ligurs, who live in the upper lands, beyond Massalia / Marseille give the name of Sigynians to the retail salesmen, and the Cypriots call the spears by that name» (– ibid.; these spears, the sigyns / sighins or sighincis, bearing through the histories their producer’s name, the Sigynians of the West Dacia, have a particular form of “an iron cudgel with a spearhead at its pointed end”, being in use even today and having the same significance / significant, for the Wallachian (Dacoromanians) in the Ialomi­­ţa Pond / the Brăila Pond, particularly by the people at Giurgeni-Vadu-Oii). The areas of Macedonia, Epirus, and Thessaly were Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian; the area of Peloponnese was still composite, that is Pelasgo-Thracian-Hellenic / Greek (Achaea / Ellada); even Herodotus (Histories, II, 56) underlines, with reference to this: «Hellada – a country which was formerly called Pelasgia...» (HIst, I, 158). Between the horizons of the years 230 B.C. and 250 A.D. / O.E., this limit of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian Space, of Dacia during Zalmoxianism, which had become the limit of the Wallachian (Dacoromanian) space, did not undergo any essential change.

The Southern / South-Eastern Limit of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian Space, of Dacia during Zalmoxianism, between the Horizons of the Years 230 B.C. and 150 / 250 A.D.

Between the horizons of the years 800 and 500 B.C., as a result of the Hellenic expansion, of the breaches produced in the masses of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracians by the process of “Graecization” and, especially during the expansion of the Persian Empire, the Southern / South-Eastern limit of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian space withdrew from Anatolia more and more towards the Sea of Marmara and the Thracian / Aegean Sea. Against the Hellenic / Greek expansion in the basin of the Aegean / Mediterranean Sea, in the Western, North-Western, and Northern basin of the Gaetic / Black Sea, against the “Graecization” of the south of Pelasgo-Daco-Thracia, against the conquerings and the threatening of the Persian Empire, Cogaion / Sarmizegetusa answered with those Salmosian knights, ‘Sol-Ares’ knights, who had become brilliant kings (“of arms”, subordinated, more or less, to Cogaion / Sarmizegetusa) in the “countries of the rivers / the mountains” of Pelasgo-Daco-Thracia, of South-East Dacia during Zalmoxianism, to be more exact, in (Getas) Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Edonia, in Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Bisalt-Crestona (under the “terrible / cruel” Zalmoxian king of the Rhodope Mountains, who beat off the emperor Xerxes – cf. HIst, II, 337), in Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Macedonia (under the king Amintă / Amintas, Alexandru, Filip, Filip II, the latter having married, in 339 B.C., Meda, the daughter of the king of “arms”, Cotilă / Kothelas, Alexandru the Great, Seuţă / Seuthes III, Lisimac / Lysimach a.s.o.), in Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Odrisia (under the kings: Teres, Sitalche /Sitalkes, Seuţă / Seuthes I, Medoc / Medokos, Seuţă / Seuthes II, Hebry-Salmoş / Hebryzalmos, “the Father-Sun / Zalmoxis of Hebrus / Maritsa”, Cotyu / Cotys I a.s.o.), in Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Scythia (under the kings Ariapida / Ariapitha – transliterated by Herodotus into Ariapeithes, deriving from the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian word ariapa / hariapa, hence the Wallachian / Dacoromanian arap / harap, “negru”/”black” + suff. -ida / -itha > -iţă – whose wife, Opia / Opoia was the daughter of king Teres of Daco-Thracian-Odrisia –, Schilă / Skyles – < ski- “thorn” + the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian / Wallachian aug. suff. -ila / -ilă – a.o.), in Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Gaetia / Geţia (under the kings of “arms”: Dromichaida, Dromichaita / Dromichaites, or Doru / Dorus Michaita, as in Orosius’ Histories – cf. Fontes, II, 193 – <>drom- “way, road”, or dor-, “love” + the Daco-Pelasgian -gai-, “kite / eagle” + suff. -ita / -iţă; the name of the wise Pelasgo-Thracian-Dacian / Getic king meaning “the way / love of the Small Kite, of the Eagle” – Salmodiessic / Zalmodegikos – <>Salmos- – “the Father-Sun “ / “Zalmas-Zalmoxis” + -diesse- “finger” + suff. -ic, “Zalmoxis’ finger” a.o.) etc. About the horizon of the year 230 B.C., the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian populations in the Anatolian “countries of the rivers / the mountains”: Mysia, Lydia, Caria, Licia, Pamphilia, Lycaonia, Cilicia and in many islands of the Thracian / Aegean Archipelago were “Hellenized” / “Graecized” almost over 80 per cent; Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Phrigia, Thracian-Bithynia were “half-Hellenized / Graecized”; the “Hellenization / Graecization” also involved the “élites” of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Epirus, of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Thessaly, but also a considerable part of the “élites” of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Macedonia and of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Buzantion / Byzantium, “a country of the rivers / the mountains”, later known as the so-called Thracia. During this temporal horizon, the South / South-Ea st limit of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian space moved from Minor Asia to Europe, from the Gaetic / Black Sea of Bosphorus / Byzantium, going over the Sea of Marmara and the Thracian Sea, advancing south of the Volos / Wallachian Gulf and north of the Euboea / Evvoia Island, in order to cross the Attica Peninsula in the North, the Pindus Mountains in the South, also south of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Thessaly and the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Epirus, to the Patrai Gulf of the Ionian / the Mediterranean Sea.

The Gradual Romanization of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian Space, or the Step by Step Integration of Dacia during Zalmoxianism into the Roman Empire, between the Horizons of the Years 230 B.C. and 106 / 250 A.D.

In the spring of the year 229 B.C. / B.O.E. the first province of Dacia during Zalmoxianism passed under the ”guardianship” of Rome: “the country of the rivers / the mountains” of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian-Sigynians (the Ardiei of Dalmatia, the Partini of Epidamnos and the Atintani of North Epirus – whose descendants are “the Macedo-Romanian-Tsântsari”) from the leadership of the “king of arms”, Agron, having his residence at Scodra (today, Shkoder, in the North of Albania), who “imposed custom duties” (with an “army of corsairs / pirates”) upon the whole trade in the Adriatic / Ionian Sea. Th. Mommsen, in his Roman History, wrote about that: « (...) the rulers in Scodra united the Illyrian populations of Dalmatia, Montenegro and of the present Northern Albania for some common expeditions of piracy, of vast proportions with whole flotillas made up of their fast double-deck sail boats, the famous “Liburn ships”; the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian Illyrians waged war against anyone at sea and on shore. The Greek colonies of these regions, the insulary towns of Issa (Lissa) and Pharos (Lesina), the important continental parts of Epidamnos (Durazzo) and Apollonia (north of Avlone, on the river Aoos) suffered the most, being often besieged by the barbarians; the fleet of corsairs finally succeeded to conquer the rich and important island of Corcyra (Corfu).

The complaints of the Italic sailors, the appeals for help from the old allies of Rome, the Apolloniats, the fervent requests of the besieged Isanians eventually made the Senate send at least some messengers to Scodra. The brothers Gaius and Lucius Coruncanius came to king Agron asking him to put an end to the plundering. The king replied that, according to the civil rights of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian Illyrians, piracy is a legal occupation and that the government is not competent to oppose private piracy. Hearing these things, Lucius Coruncanius answered that Rome will concern itself with the improvement of the civic rights of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian Illyrians. Owing to this not very diplomatic reply, one of the messengers was killed during the return journey to his motherland, as the Romans held, at the king’s order, and the extradition of the murderers was denied. The Senate had no other choice. With the coming of the spring of the year 525 (229), a large fleet showed itself in front of Apollonia, being formed of 200 ships of the line, having a landing army on board. Faced with the fleet, the corsairs’ ships spread in all directions, while the army attacked all the nests of pirates; after the death of her husband, Agron, the queen Teuta, who was ruling in the place of her minor son, Pinu / Pinnes, had to accept the terms imposed by Rome, being besieged in her last retreat. The tyrants of Scodra had to limit themselves, both northwards and southwards, to their initial restricted territory...». Teuta was “persuaded” by the Roman consuls Fulvius Centumalus and L. Postumius Albinus, to accept the “protection” of Rome; thus, Rome’s first “bridge head” over the Adriatic Sea was achieved. In a short time, in the year 219 A.D., Rome succeeded to annex the whole shore of the Adriatic Sea belonging to the Sigynian-Pelasgo-Daco-Thracians, or Dalmatia / Illyria. In the year 118 B.C., a Roman-Imperial army, under the leadership of Lucius Caecilius Mettelus, succeeded to make a breach in West Dacia, on the valley of the river Sava, and even to keep under control the territory north of the Dinaric Mountains; yet, the regions of the Sigynian-Daco-Thracians together with the whole chain of the Dinaric Mountains still remained under the administration / latitude of Cogaion / Sarmizegetusa. Starting between the horizons of the years 230 / 229 and 219 B.C., through the Romanization of the autochthonous populations of Sigynian-Pelasgo-Daco-Thracians, through the fusion of the Sigynian-Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian linguistic element with the Romanic / Latin one, the “histories” aknowledged the appearance of the Wallachians / Dacoromanians “before Jesus Christ”. The descendants of these early Wallachians (Dacoromanians) are the today’s Istro-Romanians (that is the Wallachians / Dacoromanians / Romanians of Istria, who are now almost totally assimilated in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, or “the ex-Jugoslavia”).

After three wars (I – 215 / 205 B.C.; II – 200 / 197 B.C.; III – 171 / 168 B.C. / B.O.E.) the Zalmoxian-monotheist, or polytheist, more or less “Hellenized / Graecized” Pelasgo-Daco-Thracians of the brilliant Macedonia were defeated and submitted to Rome. After the revolt of 149 / 148 B.C., Macedonia was turned into a Roman province; the process of Romanization was extended in this area as well; the descendants of the Wallachians / Dacoromanians in these regions are the today’s Macedo-Romanians (that is the Romanians / Wallachians of ancient Macedonia) of Albania, Northern Greece, South-Western Bulgaria, Macedonia, and southern Serbia.

Having in view the archaic ethnic kinship with the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracians, the Romans adopted a very subtle policy; first, they annexed to the Roman Empire those territories in which there were interferences of (polytheistic) Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian populations with migratory populations – older or more recent –, of Hellenes / Greeks, Celts, Marcomans, Syrians a.o., also exploiting the religious aspect (the fact that the respective Pelasgo-Thracian territories were not under the stamp of Zalmoxianism). In this way, the Romans made themselves masters of Bithynia, of the Pontus, etc. (Bithynia became a senatorial province of consular rank in the year 74 B.C.; they conquered the Pontus in the year 74 B.C.).

During the king / “emperor” Burebista (82 – 44 B.C.), the Zalmoxian state of Dacia extended – in the West – from the Noricum / East Alps and the springs of the Danube, to the Western / North-Western shore of the Gaetian / Black Sea – beween Byzantium and Odessa / Olbia, and to the Dnieper, in the East, from the North Carpathians, the Oder / the Middle Vistula, the Pripet and the Podolian Plateau – in the North –, to the Thracian Sea and to the borders with the Roman Empire inside Macedonia and Dalmatia (which became Roman provinces after having been Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian “countries of the rivers / the mountains”). After the assassination of Burebista (44 B.C.), the great provinces (“countries of the rivers / the mountains”) of Dacia broke loose / detached themselves from Cogaion / Sarmizegetusa under four / five “kings” / “small kings” (“of arms”), being gradually conquered and integrated into the Roman Empire until the year 106 A.D. / O.E.

West Dacia was integrated in the Roman Empire first as the province Dalmatia, or the province Pannonia, then Illyricum, etc., starting with the year 14 B.O.E., under the emperor Augustus (they are the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian / archaic-Dacoromanian, or Wallachian territories, belonging today to Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia / Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Hungary, Austria, the Czech Republic).

South Dacia (along the Middle and the Low Danube) was transformed into the provinces Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior of the Roman Empire, also starting from Augustus’ ruling, since 29 / 28 B.C. (yet Moesia became a Romanic-Imperial province only in 45 / 46 A.D. – today these Dacic / Wallachian, Dacoromanian territories belong to Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine).

Thracia, the province between the Hemus / the Balkans, the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara and the Thracian / Aegean Sea, bordering upon Macedonia in the West (already a Roman province) knew the status of clientage towards Rome (it became a Roman province quite late, in the year 45 / 46 A.D.). From the Romanization of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracians of this province / “country of the rivers / the mountains”, there resulted the Wallachians / Dacoromanians, the ones who – after almost four centuries – under their emperor Constantine the Great founded a new capital of the Roman Empire, Byzantium (from the Dacic word budia > Dacoromanian buză – meaning “the lips of the Gaetian / Black Sea”). Later, after the death of the Wallachian founder-emperor Constantine the Great, the capital was given the name Constantinusa / Constantinople. The Wallachians / Dacoromanians of Thracia gave imperial brilliance to Constantinusa (Constantinople / Christianople), under the leadership of the 42 emperors of Wallachian / Dacoromanian origin, ascending the thrones of the Roman Empire (Roman Empires), from Aurelianus (270) to Focas (610). The capital of Orthodoxism, Constantinusa / Constantinople (“being Graecized” after the year 610 since the throne was taken by Greek emperors or emperors of other nations) is “Turkicized” nowadays by the name of Istanbul – since the Greeks, after taking over the East-Romanic-Imperial power, “sold” it to the Turks more than half a millennium ago. The descendants of these Wallachians / Dacoromanians of Thracia – almost “assimilated by the Greeks, the Turks and the Bulgarians – are known today as Meglenoromanians (that is the Dacoromanians / Romanians, the Wallachians of Meglen - Greece).

Out of North-Danubian Dacia – or the Independent State of Dacia during Decebalus – lying (only over about 40 per cent of Dacia during Burebista) from the Middle Danube, near Budama / Budes (today’s Budapest) and the Hercynic Forest, as far as the Dnieper and the Gaetian / Black Sea, from the Upper Vistula and the Pripet to the Low Danube (over today’s Romania, over Besserabia / the Republic of Moldavia, over West Ukraine, over Slovakia and East Hungary, on the contemporary maps), the Emperor Trajan partially conquered only Banat, Oltenia, Ardeal / Transylvania, Crişana, South Muntenia and South Moldavia, on area transformed into the province Dacia within the Roman Empire since August, 106 A.D. (As far as the “Eastern” / “North-Eastern” territories of the “free” Dacians, or Free Dacia, are concerned, the “Romanization” took place “peacefully”, through cultural / civilizing exchanges, during Trajan’s / Decebalus’ descendants, particularly during the Pieporus Dynasty – cf. PGet, 135 – and during Constantine the Great’s rule).

Since the horizon of the year 230 B.C. / B.O.E. and until the horizon of the year 250 A.D., after almost half a millennium of Romanization, the whole space of Pelasgo-Daco-Thracia, distinguishing itself unmistakably within the state of Dacia during Zalmoxianism, became the space of the Dacoromanity, the greatest people of Europe, the people of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracians reappearing under “the new face” of the great Wallachian / Dacoromanian people. The Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian language, being reimplanted with Latin elements, became the Wallachian (Dacoromanian) language, over the whole area, certainly before the year 250 A.D., alongside the completion of the Romaniazation process – which took place only within the area of Archaic Pelasgia (cf. CDr, 6), not over the whole area of the former Roman Empire, since all the other Romanic peoples appeared in the histories only within the area of Archaic Pelasgia, “under a new face, too”, almost at the same time.

The Independent State of Dacoromania – the First State of All the Wallachians / Dacoromanians (258 – 268 / 270 A.D.) – Founded by Regalianus, the Great Grandson of the Hero-King Decebalus.

Being unable to bear the terrible Romanic-Imperial exploitation, the officials’ abuses, the corruption, etc., starting with Gallienus’ ruling (253 – 268), the Wallachians (Dacoromanians) of the Danubian provinces Pannonia, (Trajan) Dacia and Moesia rose in arms in the autumn / winter of the year 257 A.D. The governor of Pannonia himself, Ingenuus, a worthy general and politician, was at the head of the rebels, being a native, like the rebels. In his Wallachian (Dacoromanian) residence / “capital”, Sirmium (today Sremska Mitrovica), Ingenuus entitled himself emperor of the Wallachians (Dacoromanians) of the Danube Valley. In the spring² of the year 258 A.D., the emperor Gallienus and his repressive troups promptly started against the rebels (“usurpers”). Among the cavalry commanders who took part in the bloody repression of the rebels, there was also the Dacoromanian Marcus Acilius Aureolus (cf. RDGIR, 59). Ingenuus died in the battle for independence at Mursa (today Osjek – cf. Fontes, II, 105). Gallienus showed his unparalled cruelty towards the rebellious Wallachians / Dacoromanians, particularly towards those in Moesia, ordering the death sentence for the rebels’ relatives, too, a fact which roused great discontent even among the Imperial armies, since most of the commanders came from the Wallachians / Dacoromanians, and the majority of the common soldiers were Dacoromanians. In order to reduce the tensions in the Imperial armies, among the Wallachian / Dacoromanian soldies, towards the end of the spring of the year 258, Gallienus was forced to appoint the general Regalianus, the great grandson of the hero-king Decebalus, as supreme commander of the Balkan-Danubian armies.

The records present Regalianus as commander of the armed forces in the dukedom of Illyria, a syntagm³ by means of which the Romanic-Imperial provinces in the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian (Dacoromanian / Wallachian) space were designated: Thracia, Moesia, Dacia (Decebalus’ Dacia = North-Danubian Dacoromania), Dalmatia and Pannonia – «...dux factus est et dux totius Illyrici. Habet in potestatem Thracios, Moesos, Dalmatos, Pannonios, Dacos exercitus.» (SHA, 146). Regalianus – like his forefather, Decebalus, the king-hero of Sarmizegetusa – proved to be a great strategist; in Scriptores Historiae Augustae, the historian Trebellio Pollio emphasized that Regalianus «was always a man skilled in military matters» / «vir in re militari semper probatus»; «he valiantly fought many times against the Sarmatians» / «hic tamen multa fortiter contra Sarmatas gessit»; «it is said that he was of Dacian origin, being a relative of Decebalus himself» / «...gentis Daciae, Decibali ipsius, ut fertur, adfinis»; «...a thing which proves that he was worthy of ruling» / «...quod dignus videretur imperio» (ibid.).

On June 21st, 258, at the same time with the beginning of the sacred week of the Zalmoxian warriors, of those who knew how to make themselves immortal, the Wallachians (Dacoromanians) decided to continue the fight started under the leadership of Ingenuus against the Roman-Imperial oppression; Regalianus and the army under his command fraternized with the people revolted by the massacres ordered / led by Gallienus particularly among the Wallachian (Dacoromanian) populations of Moesia, declared the independence of all the Wallachian (Dacoromanian) ancient lands, proclaiming the Independent State of Dacia / Dacoromania (fig. 1).

Dacia (The Great Wallachia / Dacoromania)... «amissa est».

Both the historians contemporary to the Roman emperor Gallienus and Regalianus, among whom the Athenian Dexip (210 – 280 A.D., in About the Scythians, a work dealing with the events between the years 238 and 268), and the historians of the following centuries – Eutropius (author of the famous history, Breviarium ab Urbe condita / A Short History from the Foundation of Rome of 359 A.D.), Sextus Aurelius Victor (author of the work Caesares / About Emperors, in the year 360), Rufius Festus (who wrote – at the order of the emperor Valens – in 372, Breviarium rerum gestarum Populi Romani / A Short History of the Roman People), Aelius Spartianus, Aelius Lampridius, Iulius Capitolinus, Vulcacius Gallicanus, Trebellio Pollio, Flavius Vopiscus (Scriptores Historiae Augustae from the horizon of the year 394 A.D.), Zosimos, a.o. – stated, more or less outright, that the Romanic-Imperial provinces: Pannonia Superior / Inferior, (Trajan) Dacia / the Dacias, Moesia Superior / Inferior, Dardania, Dalmatia / Illyria, Scythia Minor / Major, Macedonia, Thracia – together with the descendants of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracians, the Wallachians / Dacoromanians, to whom Costobocian-Dacia / Carpo-Dacia, or Free Dacia joined (since the territories unconquered by the Romans from the state of Dacia during Decebalus, from the Hercynic Forest, the Middle Vistula, to the Pripet and the Dnieper and the North-West of the Gaetic / Black Sea, constituted themselves into a free state under the leadership of the king Pieporu / Pieporus («rex Costobocensis») and of his descendants of the Pieporus Dynasty, immediately after the death of the hero-king of Sarmizegetusa – cf. PGet, 143 sq.), during Gallienus, in the year 258 A.D., under the leadership of Regalianus, the great grandson of the hero-king Decebalus, united, breaking off with the Roman Empire – through a series of struggles / wars –, and founded the Independent State of Dacia (Dacoromania / Great Blachia). Thus, Dacia (The Great Wallachia / Dacoromânia) «amissa est» since Gallienus’ ruling. For the “inaccurate” interpreters of the historical records regarding the Independent State of Dacia (Dacoromania), founded by Regalianus in the year 258 A.D., we recall to mind the meanings of the Latin verb amitto, ere, misi missum: 1. «to lose (suffering a loss)», “to lose a territory / town, the army / fleet, etc., in fight / war, of course”; 2. «to leave (willingly), to give up, to abandon»; 3. «to let go, to miss (unwillingly)» “the booty of one’s hands” / “the opportunity”, “the favourable moment”; 4. «to send away (far from oneself)» (GDlr, 77). Gallienus lost in the confrontation with Regalianus, through a series of fights / wars, both the South-Danubian Dacia and the North-Danubian Dacia (Trajan-Dacia); Free Dacia united with the provinces freed from the Roman Empire, reconstituting the state of Dacia (The Great Wallachia / Dacoromania). The independence and the boundaries of Dacia (Dacoromania) where masterly defended by Regalianus, who proved to be one of the greatest strategists of his time. First he insured stable alliances in the North-West, North, and East boundaries of Dacia (Dacoromania), with the Goths, the Gepidae, the Heruls, the Tervingians a.o., tribes which were always ready for an invasion led by Regalianus’ soldiers to the provinces of the Roman Empire situated at the borders with Dacia (Dacoromania), in the South, South-West, and West: in Bithynia (a province with a mixture of populations, with many “betraying nests”, even if it had almost 50 per cent of Wallachian / Dacoromanian elements), to the Pontus, to Achaia / Greek, to Noricum, etc.; then he coordinated / synchronized the uprisings in other countries / provinces of the Roman Empire, such as Rhaetia, Gallia, Britannia, Egypt, etc. (cf. DMID, 174 sqq. / CDH, V, 12 sqq.), so that the power of the Roman-Imperial armies should not be able to crush the Independent State of Dacia (Dacoromania).

The Independent State of Dacia / Dacoromania (fig. 1). under Regalianus (258 – 268 / 270) having the capital at Sarmizegetusa (Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa), had its own currency, the Silver Regalianus (fig. 2) – the first coin of the free and united Wallachians (Dacoromanians), bearing the name of their first leader: «IMP. C.P.C. REGALIANU...» / «REGALIAN...» (cf. CDH, V, 9 / RDGIR, 57) –, a well crystallized language, the archaic-Wallachian (the Dacoromanian), and a monotheistic religion, the Zalmoxianism.

The archaeological realities in the financial, religious, and legislative centre, Sarmizegetusa (Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa), Regalianus’ capital, bear witness, over millenniums, about Dacia (Dacoromania)’s independence.

The last Roman coins found in circulation here were issued during Gallienus’ ruling, before the year 258 A.D., the year of the independence of Regalianus’ Dacia (Dacoromania), the year in which the Silver Regalianus replaced Rome’s denarii.
The American historian Paul MacKendrick, in his work The Dacian Stones Speak, also certifies: in Sarmizegetusa / Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, «the last (Roman) coins bear Gallienus’ effigy» (MKP, 87).
On the silver money coined in Dacia (Dacoromania) – at Sarmizegetusa, in archaic type moulds (the tradition of the metallurgical centres in Ardeal / Transylvania being stated, as far as this is concerned, that: «elles sont d’argent, parce qu’elles ont été batues sur des flans plus enciens» – CDH, 9) –, as the numismatist / historian Henry Cohen descrided them in 1861, having at hand only the samples which then existed in the Museum of Vienna (five coined under Regalianus, between the years 258 and 268, and 3 coined by his wife, the august Sulpicia Dryantila / Druanţilă, who took the leadership of the state of Dacia / Dacoromania after Regalianus’ death, between the years 268 and 270), the first emperor of the Dacoromanians / Wallachians is presented as follows: 1) «IMP. C. RE...; his bust appearing with his right side, with his robe (of warrior / knight of Zalmoxianism) surrounding an altar» (head); «Regalianus and his empress-wife, Sulpicia Dryantilla, standing; between them, an altar» (reverse – CDH, 8); 2) «... C.P.C. REGALIANVTORI. His bust appearing with his right side (TORI is the end of the reverse MARTI PACATORI by Caracalla) (ibid.); 3) «IMP. C.P.C. REGALIANUS AVG. His bust (of warrior / knight of Zalmosianism) with his right side; reverse: LIBERALITAS AVGG. / the august LIBERTY / LIBERATION (the Sun’s Sister / Co-Utya), standing with his left side, holding the sieve and the sceptre over that, crosswise» (CDH, 9); 4) «IMP. C.P.C. REGALIANV... His bust appearing with his right side; reverse: Sol-Ares / The Young / Warrior – Sun with his left arm lifted, holding a horsewhip» (driving the horses of his celestial quadriga – ibid.); 5) «...REGALIAN...» His bust appearing with his right side; reverse: the Providence / the Goddess Co-Utya (the Sun’s Sister) standing, with her right side, holding ears and the horn of plenty in her arms; on her left, the bushel with corn ears» (ibid.).
H. Cohen also emphasizes for the numismatists, with regard to the Silver Regalianus, the real name of the Wallachian / Dacoromanian emperor, Regalian / Regallianus (<>ragalia / regălia > the Wallachian / Dacoromanian răgălie / regălie “root of the tree as seen in the precipes, in the landslides, etc.” + onomastic suff. -an), the one existing on the coin (since the coin was issued and was in circulation during the Dacian / Wallachian emperor as well), not Regillianus, as it was deformed by the late historians and the Middle Ages scribes: «Les médailles décrites par Mezzabarba, etc., avec le nom REGILLIANUS et CONSECRATIO au revers, sont fausses ou n’ont jamais existé.» (ibid.). His position with his right side to the Sun-Forefather (Father-Sun) / Sa(l)mos-“Zalmas-Zalmoxis”, like the Zalmoxian / Danubian Knights, the representation of the second sacred pair, Sol-Ares (the Young / Warrior-Sun) – Co-Utya (Cotys / the Sun’s Sister), his knightly imperial Zalmoxian robe, etc. indicate his profound belief in Zalmoxianism, his oath as an epopt of Zalmoxianism, his initiatory / mysterious belonging to the order of the fighting / religious confraternities of Cogaion / Sarmizegetusa (which existed / worked till after Michael the Brave, after 1601 A.D.).
After a decade of unsuccessful wars with the Wallachians / Dacoromanians’ emperor, the brillant strategist Regalianus, in the year 267 the emperor Gallienus mobilized considerable troups – under the leadership of the generals Marcianus, Cleodamus, Athenaeus, Aureolus, Dexip (the historian / commander of Athens), Claudius, a.o., in the provinces of the Roman Empire at the South border of Dacia (Dacoromania), in the Pontus, Bithynia, in Phrygia, in Achaia / Greece, Thessaly, in Epirus, with the intention of fighting a decisive battle. Regalianus, an expert in the Roman-Imperial military realities at the South borders of Dacia (Dacoromania), directed a strong “invasion” of the North-Pontic peoples towards those provinces of the Roman Empire: the Goths (Ostrogoths, Visigoths), the Tervingians, the Greutungs, the Gepidae, the Heruls, the Peucians a.o., peoples who were – as the chronicles say – urged «to plunder / devastate the Roman Empire» (cf. Fontes, II, 105 sqq.). The ravagings started in the province Pontus and were defeated / stopped only in Achaia / Hellada (Greece), in Thessaly and Epirus; the Heruls besieged Athens; according to the accounts in Euagrios’ Church History, Dexip, “the general” / historian, in the year 267 «gathered two thousand men around him in order to face the Heruls’ attack on Athens» (Fontes, II, 529), holding out against the attack until the spring / summer of the year 268, when Gallienus came to help Athens, leading a strong army, beating off and chasing the invaders on the territory of Dacia (Dacoromania), in the province Thracia, as far as the river Nestos / Mesta, where he fought the decisive battle with the Heruls; Gallienus was victorious in the battle on the river Nestos, taking even the Herulian king, Naulobatus, as a prisoner; but the trespassing of the Wallachian / Dacoromanian boundaries aroused the anger of the Wallachians (Dacoromanians) of Thracia against him, making him “leave for Italy” (Fontes, II, 103). In the summer of the year 268 A.D. the emperor Gallienus, realizing the uselessness of his attempts to reintegrate Dacia (Dacoromania) within the former boundaries of the Roman Empire, resorted to the treacherous solution, hiring the murderers of Regalianus; the murderers paid by the Roman emperor Gallienus succeeded to get into the camp of the Wallachian (Dacoromanian) emperor Regalianus, immediately after the latter’s resounding victory against the Sarmatians / the Roxolans – who were annihilated at the Northern border of Pannonia. Gallienus’ Roman-Imperial plotters succeeded to kill Regalianus in August 268. The reaction of the faithful Wallachian (Dacoromanian) Knights of Zalmoxianism was extremely prompt, the Roman emperor Gallienus being murdered after a short while. The death of Regalianus roused indignation all over Dacia (Dacoromania).

Sulpicia Dryantilla / Druanţilă (268 – 270 A.D.)

In the Roman Empire, Gallienus’ death caused “the civil wars” for the throne of Rome. In Dacia (Dacoromania), the leadership of the state was taken over by Regalianus’ wife, the empress Sulpicia Druantila / Druanţilă (268 – 270 A.D.), an opportunity for coining her own money (fig. 3), probably at Carnuntum (today Petronell, on the Danube, east of Vienna), presenting her with «her bust and a diadem, on the right side, with the Moon’s crescent» («SVLP. DRYANTILLA AVG. Son buste diadémé à droite avec le croissant» – CDH, 10). Dacia (Dacoromania)’s Empress, Sulpicia Dryantila / Druanţilă, and the loyal generals of Regalianus’ armies, immediately after the treacherous assassination paid by Gallienus, in the autumn of the year 268, mobilized over 320,000 warriors in East Dacia (Dacoromania) – as Scriptores Historiae Augustae reveals (cf. Fontes, II, 105), in order to give the finishing stroke to the Roman Empire. This strong army of Dacia (Dacoromania) was joined with the peoples between the Dnieper, the Massagetae’s / Azov Sea and in Crimea: the Goths, the Heruls a.o. The campaign against the Roman Empire was unleashed in the winter / spring of the year 269 A.D. Referring to this campaign of the Wallachians (Dacoromanians), the historian Zosimos emphasized that: «the Wallachians (Dacoromanians) joined the Heruls, the Peucians and the Goths and, gathering near the river Tyras / the Nister, which flows into the Pontus, built six thousand ships and, embarking 320,000 people on them, set off at sea (...), the wind blowing from behind their ships» (Fontes, II, 307) to the “Propontida Strait”. It is certain that such an outbreak of Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian / Wallachian (Dacoromanian) forces had the intention of intimidating any other attempt of Rome to subjugate Dacia (Dacoromania).

Dacia (Dacoromânia) «...restituta...».

In the year 270, Aurelianus became the emperor of Dacia (Dacoromania); in the same year he ascended the long-dreamed imperial throne of Rome. Dacia (Dacoromania) is reintegrated into the Roman Empire on the basis⁴ of Aurelianus’ Convention (an oath taken near Aquileia⁵ – cf. Fontes, II, 307) – respected, to a greater of smaller extent, until after the Wallachian (Dacoromanian) emperor of Constantinople, Focas (602 – 610). Therefore, in the year 270 A.D., under the emperor Aurelianus, there took place a great event: Dacia (Dacoromânia) restituta...

Note / Notes:

1 Despre spaţiul pelasgo-daco-thracic al Masageţiei / Masagaetiei grăieşte peste milenii şi macrotoponimia / hidronimia pelasgo-daco-thracică / valahică de aici: Marea / Lacul Azov = Marea / Lacul Masagaetilor / Masageţilor; Azov < Masagaeti / Masageţi, Geţii / Gaeţii “dintre mări”, “de jos”, prin reducerea treptată a semnificantului: a) apocopa lui -ti (Masagae / Masage); b) sonorizarea fricativei dentale intervocalice (s > z, Mazagae / Mazage); c) afereza lui M- (Azagae / Azage); d) -a- > -o- şi, cam în acelaşi timp, prin “slavizare sufixală” -ge > -ve /-v (Azoge / Azove, Azov); fluviul Don şi afluentul său Doneţ (Don- + suf. pelasgo-daco-thracic / valahic diminutival -eţ) / Donets <>“casă / oglindă”, ca prim-elementul formant pelasgo-daco-thracic din Donares / Don-Ares (“casa / oglinda” zeului pelasgo-daco-thracic al războiului, Ares); Oskol (afluent al Doneţului) < *Oeskela <>(ca numele pelasgo-daco-thracic de afluent al Dunării – latinizat, Oescus –, azi, Isker, în Bulgaria) + suf. dim. -ela (= dacoromânescul -el); Oltu – hidronim / toponim, în nord-estul Turciei, lângă graniţa cu Georgia – <>Alutua (Alutus = Olt, afluent al Dunării, în România); Kura <>(“curgătoarea”), fluviu ce traversează Georgia şi Azerbaijan, vărsându-se în Marea Caspică; Fomin (localitate în Rusia, regiunea Rostov, zona aridă dinspre Republica Autonomă Kalmâcă) < din pelasgo-daco-thracicul fominia “care oblojeşte / înviorează” (de unde şi latinescul fomento “a obloji / înviora”, ori fomentum “mijloc de întreţinere”, sensuri întâlnite în scrierile sfântului valah / dacoromân, Ioan Cassian – cf. GDlr, 490); Tselinnyy (Ţelini – localitate în Rusia Calmâcă, nu departe de Fomin) <>dielina (Apium graveolens), desemnând “locul în care creşte ţelina” (cf. TZpl, I, 130 sqq.); Raguli (localitate în Rusia-Calmâcă) <>rage (latinescul ragere), toponim desemnând “locul cu cei ce rag” (poreclă); Urda (localitate din Kazakhstan, la graniţa dinspre Rusia Astrahanului) <>urdua “fromage blanc et mou obtenu du petit lait qu’on fait bouiller” (cf. REtn, 411); Vachi (Russia) <>vaci <>vacca; Botikh (Russia) <>botua / bot + suf. dim. -ic; Guryev (Kazakhstan) <>gură (<>gula) + suf. slav -ev, desemnând “gurile Uralului”; Buzachi (Kazakhstan) <>buzua / buză + suf. pelasgo-daco-thracic / valahic (Dacoromânesc) atestat din anul 1380 î.H. -ac / -achi; Ozurgeti (Georgia) < Ozur- + Geti / Geţi (“Geţii ozuri”); Chiatura (Georgia) <>chiaotoare “închizătoare”, “loc de împreunare a bârnelor casei, a munţilor / dealurilor etc.”; Khaishi (Georgia) <>caisua / cais, însemnând “locul cu caişi”; Saatly (Azerbaijan) <>sat, articulat hotărât – satul; Balakhany (Azerbaijan) <>Valahi / Balachi + suf. dacoromânesc-arhaic -ani (ca în Balcani / Balacani, “munţii Blachilor / Dacoromânilor”), desemnând “locul cu Valahi / Blachi, sau Dacoromâni”; Nasosnyy (Azerbaijan) <>nasua / nasus + suf. dacoromânesc-arhaic -oni / -osny; Maku (Iran) <>macua / mac (Glaucium corniculatum) etc. (supra – cf. CAtl, 86 sq.).

The Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian / Wallachian macrotoponymy / hydronymy of the places is relevant, over the millenniums, for the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracian space of Massagetia / Massagaetia: the Azov Sea / Lake = the Massagetae’s Sea / Lake (Azov <>(Russia / Ukraine), Olt (Turkey), Kura (Georgia / Azerbaijan), Fomin (Russia), Tselinnyy (Russia-Kalmyk), Raguli (Russia), Vachi (Russia), Botikh (Russia), Urda (Kazakhstan), Guryev (Kazakhstan), Buzachi (Kazakhstan), Ozurgeti (Georgia), Chiatura (Georgia), Khaishi (Georgia), Saatly (Azerbaijan), Balakhany (Azerbaijan), Nasosnyy (Azerbaijan), Maku (Iran) etc. (supra – cf. CAtl, 86 sq.).

2 «Gallien étant allé combattre Ingénuus, confia à Sylvain son fils Salonin, comme je l’ai déjà dit dans la notice biographique de celui-ci. Postume en étant mécontent, renferma Sylvain et Salonin dans les murs de Cologne et se fit proclamer empereur par ses légions l’an 1011 (de J. C., 258). L’année suivante il se rendit en Gaule et fit mourir Salonin...» – CDH, 12.

3 Ducatus = 1. unitate militar-administrativă imperial-romană reunind mai multe provincii din arealul unui popor romanizat, al unei etnii integrate “organic” în Imperiul Roman; 2. comandantul militar al unui “ducat” (cf. GDlr, 373). Prin ducatul Illyria / Illiria se înţelegea şi în orizontul anului 394 unitatea etnico-militar-administrativă a Pelasgo-Daco-Thracilor ce deveniseră Valahi (Vlahi / Dacoromâni), de la Alpii Răsăriteni (“Norici”) şi Carpaţi, la Marea Neagră, la Marea Thracică / Egee şi la Marea Adriatică, adică provinciile imperial-romane: Thracia, Moesia, Dacia (Dacia lui Decebal = Dacoromania Nord-Dunăreană), Dalmaţia şi Pannonia («...dux factus est et dux totius Illyrici. Habet in potestatem Thracios, Moesos, Dalmatos, Pannonios, Dacos exercitus.» – SHA, 146).

Ducatus = 1. Roman-Imperial military and administrative entity, gathering more provinces of the area of a Romanized people, of an ethnic group “organically” integrated into the Roman Empire; 2. the military commander of “a ducatus” / dukedom (cf. GDlr, 373). By the dukedom of Illyria / Illiria it was meant, even during the horizon of the year 394, the ethnic-military-administrative unity of the Pelasgo-Daco-Thracians who had become the Wallachians / Dacoromanians, from the East Alps (“Noricum”) and the Carpathians, to the Gaetian / Black Sea, the Thracian / Aegean Sea, and the Adriatic Sea, that is the Roman-Imperial provinces: Thracia, Moesia, Dacia (Decebalus’ Dacia = North-Danubian Dacoromania), Dalmatia and Pannonia.

4 Despre acest Legământ de la Aurelian relatează şi contemporanul lui Eutropius, împăratul valah (dacoromân), Iulian Apostatu (331 – 363) în Scrisoarea către Valahii (Dacoromânii) sud-dunăreni din provincia imperială Thracia. După cum se ştie, Legământul de la Aurelian evidenţiază «legea sacră», potrivit căreia, atâta vreme cât în tronul de Roma (mai târziu, de Roma / Constantinusa–Constantinopol) afla-se-va un Valah, Dacia (Dacoromânia) nu se va mai desprinde din Imperiul Roman, va rămâne "neclintită" în Imperiul Romanilor, cetăţenii Daciei (Dacoromâniei) bucurându-se de următorul statut «imperial»: celor din Dacia / Dacoromania Nord-Dunăreană li se garantează scutirea de impozite / "dări" – pentru că alcătuiesc "un scut" al Imperiului Roman, în faţa mulţimii popoarelor migratoare venind din estul şi nordul Europei, pentru că se luptă / războiesc cu barbarii, îi opresc, îi filtrează etc.; dacă numărul barbarilor / migratorilor se va întâmpla să fie "copleşitor", li se garantează intervenţia "promptă" a armatelor imperial-romane, spre a-şi păstra libertatea / independenţa, şi sprijin financiar din vistieria imperială pentru reconstruirea / întărirea davelor, cetăţilor-oraşe etc.; cei din Dacia / Dacoromania Sud-Dunăreană, împărţită în provinciile valahice-imperiale: Moesia Inferior / Superior, Pannonia, Illyricum, Macedonia şi Thracia, nu vor plăti vreun impozit, în afară de "contribuţiile" / "dările" pentru întreţinerea armatelor imperiale, a flotei, de la Dunăre şi de la ţărmul nord-vestic al Mării Negre. Valahii / Dacoromânii din provincia imperial-romană, Thracia, vitregiţi de soartă nu numai cu năpasta războaielor, ci şi cu "naturale calamităţi", şi având în vedere “avantajele” fraţilor lor nord-dunăreni – în baza Legământului de la Aurelian –, în primul an al împărăţirii lui Iulian, 361, au adresat împăratului de acelaşi neam / sânge cu ei, o cerere de scutire de impozitele pe care nu au putut să le achitate la termen, în ultimii ani, "în indicţiunea anterioară" (indicţiunea era un interval de 15 ani, perioadă financiar-cronologică, introdusă de administraţia imperiului din anul 312). În "sacra literă" a Legământului de la Aurelian grăieşte şi Epistola către Valahii / Dacoromânii din provincia Thracia ("epistola" / "ordonanţa" 47): «Cererea voastră ar părea ceva supărător, dacă aţi fi adresat-o unui împărat cu privirile aţintite spre câştiguri şi dacă el ar crede că nu se cade să vatăme belşugul obştesc pentru a-şi arăta bunăvoinţa faţă doar de câţiva. Dar cum noi ne-am propus ca ţintă nu să strângem cât se poate mai mult de la supuşii noştri, ci să fim pricina cât mai multor binefaceri pentru ei, acest principiu ne va face să vă iertăm şi vouă datoriile. Dar nu vor fi iertate absolut toate, ci suma urmează să fie împărţită (în două): o parte va fi binefacerea pe care s-o facem cu voi, alta (va servi) pentru nevoia soldaţilor, de pe urma căreia, fără îndoială, veţi avea (două) destul de însemnate avantaje: pacea şi securitatea. Aşadar până la a treia indicţiune vă iertăm toate câte rămân din anii trecuţi; după aceea, însă, veţi achita fiecare contribuţie, potrivit obiceiului. Iertarea acestor datorii este o bunăvoinţă destul de mare faţă de voi şi nu trebuie să trecem cu vederea binele obştesc. Cât despre aceasta s-au trimis lămuriri şi prefecţilor, pentru ca binele pe care vrem să-l facem să ajungă faptă…» (Fontes, II, 33). Se vede şi din această "epistolă" că împăratul valah / dacoromân, Iulian, iubea / respecta principiile dreptei guvernări, ceea ce-l ridicase în tronul de Constantinopol, în ciuda "corupţilor înfăşuraţi în purpura imperială".

Iulian Apostatu (331 – 363) also related about Aurelianus’ Covention in his Letter to the South-Danubian- Wallachians of the Imperial Province of Thracia. As it is known, Aurelianus’ Convention pointed out «the sacred law», according to which, as long as the Roman throne (later, Rome / Constantinusa – Constantinople) was held by a Wallachians / Dacoromanian, Dacia / Dacoromania would not break off with the Roman Empire, would be stable in the Roman Empire, while Dacia / Dacoromania’s citizens would be granted the following «Imperial» status: those in the North-Danubian Dacia / Dacoromania were definitely absolved of taxes / “duties” – since they represented “a shield” of the Roman Empire, against the waves of the migratory peoples coming from the East and the North of Europe, since they fought / were at war with the barbarians, stopped them, made them scarce, etc.; if the number of the barbarians / migratory tribes happened to be “overwhelming” they were guaranteed the “prompt” intervention of the Roman-Imperial armies, in order to keep their liberty / independence, and the financial support from the Imperial treasury for rebuilding / consolidating the davas, the fortified towns, etc.; those in the South-Danubian Dacia / Dacoromania, divided into the Imperial-Wallachians / Dacoromanian provinces: Moesia Inferior / Superior, Pannonia, Illyricum, Macedonia and Thracia, would not pay any taxes, except for “the shares” / “the duties” for supporting the Imperial armies, the fleet along the Danube and the North-Western shore of the Gaetian / Black Sea. Aurelianus’ Convention was respected by the Wallachians / Dacoromanian emperors, intermittently, from Aurelianus (270) to Focas (610).

5 În acest sens – pentru anul 270 – grăieşte şi Istoria contemporană a lui Zosimos: «După ce-şi întări domnia, Aurelian plecă din Roma şi înaintă spre Aquileia; iar de acolo a pornit-o spre Pannonia, căci aflase...» că războinicii Daciei / Dacoromâniei, considerând că a trădat Sarmizegetusa, trecând de partea Romei, «îl vor ataca»; Zosimos spune că s-a desfăşurat chiar o bătălie «nedecisă»; «venind noaptea, această împrejurare a făcut că ambele părţi s-au pretins biruitoare»; «la ivirea zorilor au trimis soli ca să trateze pacea» (Fontes, II, 307).

In this respect – referring to the year 270 – Zosimos, in his Contemporary History, also states: «as soon as he consolidated his rule, Aurelianus left Rome and advanced towards Aquileia; and thence he started towards Pannonia, since he found out...» that the Wallachians / Dacoromanian warriors «would attack him», thinking that he had betrayed Sarmizegetusa and allied himself with Rome; Zosimos also wrote that even an «indecisive» battle took place; «with the falling of the night, under such circumstances, both sides pretended to be victorious»; «at dawn, they sent messengers to negociate about the peace» (Fontes, II, 307).

(Translated into English by prof. Gabriela PACHIA)

Sigle / Sigles:

· CAtl – Concise Atlas of the World, Oxford, Melbourne, Toronto, Oxford University Press, 1995.

· CDH – Henry Cohen, Description Historique des Monnaies frappées sous l’Empire Romain communément appelées Médailles Impériales, vol. V, Paris, 1861.

· CDr, 6 – Caietele Dacoromaniei (Timişoara), anul III, nr. 6, 23 decembrie 1997 – 21 martie 1998.

· CIlr – George Călinescu, Istoria literaturii române, compendiu, Bucureşti, Editura pentru Literatură, 1968.

· DMID – Josif Constantin Drăgan, Mileniul imperial al Daciei, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1986.

· Fontes, I – Fontes ad historiam Dacoromaniae pertinentes, I (ab Hesiodo usque ad Itinerarium Antonini) / Izvoare privind istoria României, I (de la Hesiod la Itinerarul lui Antoninus — comitetul de redaţie: Vladimir Iliescu, Virgil C. Popescu, Gh. Ştefan), Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române, 1964.

· Fontes, II – Fontes Historiae Dacoromanae, II (ab anno CCC usque ad annum M) / Izvoarele istoriei României, II (de la anul 300 până la anul 1000 — publicate de: Haralambie Mihăescu, Gheorghe Ştefan, Radu Hâncu, Vladimir Iliescu, Virgil C. Popescu), Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1970.

· GDlr – G. Guţu, Dicţionar latin-român, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1983.

· HIst – Herodot, Istorii, I / II (traducere de Adelina Piatkowski şi Felicia Vanţ-Ştef), Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică, 196l / 1964.

· MIrom – Theodor Mommsen, Istoria romană, I – III (Cuvânt înainte de acad. Emil Condurachi; traducere de Joachim Nicolaus), Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1987

· MKP – Paul MacKendrick, The Dacian Stones Speak (The University of North Carolina Press, 1975) / Pietrele Dacilor vorbesc, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1978

· PGet – Vasile Pârvan, Getica (o protoistorie a Daciei – ediţie, note, postfaţă de R. Florescu), Bucureşti, Editura Meridiane, 1982.

· RDGIR – I. I. Russu, Dacogeţii în Imperiul Roman, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Române, 1980.

· REtn – I. I. Russu, Etnogeneza Românilor – fondul autohton traco-dacic şi componenta latino-romanică, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1981.

· SHA – Scriptores Historiae Augustae, edidit Ernestus Hohl, vol. I – II, Editio stereotypa correctior addenda et corrigenda adiecerunt Ch. Samberger et W. Seyfarth, Teubner, Leipzig, 1965.

· TZpl, I – Ion Pachia Tatomirescu, Zalmoxianismul şi plantele medicinale, vol. I, II, Timişoara, Editura Aethicus, 1997.